# Sage Quickstart for Abstract Algebra¶

As computers are discrete and finite, anything with a discrete, finite set of generators is natural to implement and explore.

## Group Theory¶

Many common groups are pre-defined, usually as permutation groups: that is, explicitly described as subgroups of symmetric groups.

• Every group of order 15 or less is available as a permutation group.
• Sometimes they are available under special names, though.
sage: G = QuaternionGroup()
sage: G
Quaternion group of order 8 as a permutation group

sage: H = AlternatingGroup(5)
sage: H
Alternating group of order 5!/2 as a permutation group

sage: H.is_simple()
True

sage: D = DihedralGroup(8)
sage: D
Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group


We can access a lot of information about groups, such as:

• A list of subgroups up to conjugacy,
• or a stabilizer,
• or other things demonstrated below.
sage: for K in D.conjugacy_classes_subgroups():
....:     print K
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [()]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(2,8)(3,7)(4,6)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(2,8)(3,7)(4,6), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(2,8)(3,7)(4,6), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(2,8)(3,7)(4,6), (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]


In the previous cell we once again did a for loop over a set of objects rather than just a list of numbers. This can be very powerful.

sage: D.stabilizer(3)
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,5)(2,4)(6,8)]

sage: for K in D.normal_subgroups():
....:     print K
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [()]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(2,8)(3,7)(4,6), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), (1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8), (1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)]
Subgroup of (Dihedral group of order 16 as a permutation group) generated by [(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), (1,8)(2,7)(3,6)(4,5)]


We can access specific subgroups if we know the generators as a permutation group.

sage: L = D.subgroup(["(1,3,5,7)(2,4,6,8)"])

sage: L.is_normal(D)
True

sage: Q=D.quotient(L)
sage: Q
Permutation Group with generators [(1,2)(3,4), (1,3)(2,4)]

sage: Q.is_isomorphic(KleinFourGroup())
True


There are some matrix groups as well, both finite and infinite.

sage: S = SL(2, GF(3))
sage: S
Special Linear Group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3


We can print out all of the elements of this group if we use a small Python trick we haven’t mentioned before. The string \n represents a new line.

sage: for a in S:
....:     print a, "\n"
[1 0]
[0 1]
...
[2 2]
[2 1]

sage: SS = SL(2, ZZ)


Of course, you have to be careful what you try to do!

sage: SS.list()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: group must be finite

sage: for a in SS.gens():
....:     print a, "\n"
[ 0  1]
[-1  0]
...


## Rings¶

Sage has many pre-defined rings to experiment with. Here is how one would access $$\ZZ/12\ZZ$$, for instance.

sage: twelve = Integers(12)
sage: twelve
Ring of integers modulo 12

sage: twelve.is_field()
False

sage: twelve.is_integral_domain()
False


### Quaternions, and generalizations¶

We can define generalized quaternion algebras, where $$i^2=a$$, $$j^2=b$$, and $$k=i\cdot j$$, all over $$\QQ$$:

sage: quat = QuaternionAlgebra(-1, -1)
sage: quat
Quaternion Algebra (-1, -1) with base ring Rational Field

sage: quat.is_field()
False

sage: quat.is_commutative()
False

sage: quat.is_division_algebra()
True

sage: quat2 = QuaternionAlgebra(5, -7)

sage: quat2.is_division_algebra()
True

sage: quat2.is_field()
False


### Polynomial Rings¶

Polynomial arithmetic in Sage is a very important tool.

The first cell brings us back to the symbolic world. This is not the same thing as polynomials!

sage: reset('x') # This returns x to being a variable
sage: (x^4 + 2*x).parent()
Symbolic Ring


Now we will turn $$x$$ into the generator of a polynomial ring. The syntax is a little unusual, but you will see it often.

sage: R.<x> = QQ[]
sage: R
Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field

sage: R.random_element() # random
-5/2*x^2 - 1/4*x - 1

sage: R.is_integral_domain()
True

sage: (x^4 + 2*x).parent()
Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field

sage: (x^2+x+1).is_irreducible()
True

sage: F = GF(5)
sage: P.<y> = F[]

sage: P.random_element() # random
2*y

sage: I = P.ideal(y^3+2*y)
sage: I
Principal ideal (y^3 + 2*y) of Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over Finite Field of size 5

sage: Q = P.quotient(I)

sage: Q
Univariate Quotient Polynomial Ring in ybar over Finite Field of size 5 with modulus y^3 + 2*y


## Fields¶

Sage has superb support for finite fields and extensions of the rationals.

### Finite Fields¶

sage: F.<a> = GF(3^4)
sage: F
Finite Field in a of size 3^4


The generator satisfies a Conway polynomial, by default, or the polynomial can be specified.

sage: F.polynomial()
a^4 + 2*a^3 + 2

sage: F.list()
[0, a, a^2, a^3, a^3 + 1, a^3 + a + 1, a^3 + a^2 + a + 1, 2*a^3 + a^2 + a + 1, a^2 + a + 2, a^3 + a^2 + 2*a, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + 1, a^3 + a + 2, a^3 + a^2 + 2*a + 1, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + a + 1, a^3 + a^2 + a + 2, 2*a^3 + a^2 + 2*a + 1, 2*a^2 + a + 2, 2*a^3 + a^2 + 2*a, 2*a^2 + 2, 2*a^3 + 2*a, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2, a^3 + 2*a + 2, a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a + 1, 2*a^2 + a + 1, 2*a^3 + a^2 + a, a^2 + 2, a^3 + 2*a, a^3 + 2*a^2 + 1, a + 1, a^2 + a, a^3 + a^2, 2*a^3 + 1, 2*a^3 + a + 2, 2*a^3 + a^2 + 2*a + 2, 2*a^2 + 2*a + 2, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a, a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2, 2*a + 1, 2*a^2 + a, 2*a^3 + a^2, 2, 2*a, 2*a^2, 2*a^3, 2*a^3 + 2, 2*a^3 + 2*a + 2, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a + 2, a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a + 2, 2*a^2 + 2*a + 1, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + a, a^3 + a^2 + 2, 2*a^3 + 2*a + 1, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + a + 2, a^3 + a^2 + 2*a + 2, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a + 1, a^3 + 2*a^2 + a + 2, a^2 + 2*a + 1, a^3 + 2*a^2 + a, a^2 + 1, a^3 + a, a^3 + a^2 + 1, 2*a^3 + a + 1, 2*a^3 + a^2 + a + 2, a^2 + 2*a + 2, a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2*a, 2*a^2 + 1, 2*a^3 + a, 2*a^3 + a^2 + 2, 2*a + 2, 2*a^2 + 2*a, 2*a^3 + 2*a^2, a^3 + 2, a^3 + 2*a + 1, a^3 + 2*a^2 + a + 1, a^2 + a + 1, a^3 + a^2 + a, 2*a^3 + a^2 + 1, a + 2, a^2 + 2*a, a^3 + 2*a^2, 1]

sage: (a^3 + 2*a^2 + 2)*(2*a^3 + 2*a + 1)
2*a^3 + a^2 + a + 1


$$F$$ should be the splitting field of the polynomial $$x^{81}-x$$, so it is very good that we get no output from the following cell, which combines a loop and a conditional statement.

sage: for a in F:
....:     if not (a^81 - a == 0):
....:         print "Oops!"


### Field Extensions, Number Fields¶

Most things you will need in an undergraduate algebra classroom are already in Sage.

sage: N = QQ[sqrt(2)]
sage: N
Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2

sage: var('z')
z
sage: M.<a>=NumberField(z^2-2)
sage: M
Number Field in a with defining polynomial z^2 - 2

sage: M.degree()
2

sage: M.is_galois()
True

sage: M.is_isomorphic(N)
True