# Kleber Trees¶

A Kleber tree is a tree of weights generated by Kleber’s algorithm [Kleber1]. The nodes correspond to the weights in the positive Weyl chamber obtained by subtracting a (non-zero) positive root. The edges are labeled by the coefficients of the roots of the difference.

AUTHORS:

• Travis Scrimshaw (2011-05-03): Initial version
• Travis Scrimshaw (2013-02-13): Added support for virtual trees and improved $$\LaTeX$$ output

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[3,2], [2,1], [1,1], [1,1]])
Kleber tree of Cartan type ['A', 3, 1] and B = ((3, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1))
sage: KleberTree(['D', 4, 1], [[2,2]])
Kleber tree of Cartan type ['D', 4, 1] and B = ((2, 2),)


TESTS:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[3,2], [2,1], [1,1], [1,1]])
sage: for x in set(KT.list()): x
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 3] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 2] and upwards edge root [1, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [2, 1, 2] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [2, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 2] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [3, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 1, 1] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 2] and upwards edge root [2, 2, 1]

sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 7, 1], [[3,2], [2,1], [1,1]])
sage: KT
Kleber tree of Cartan type ['A', 7, 1] and B = ((3, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1))
sage: for x in set(KT.list()): x
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]

class sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree.KleberTree(cartan_type, B, classical_ct)

The tree that is generated by Kleber’s algorithm.

A Kleber tree is a tree of weights generated by Kleber’s algorithm [Kleber1]. It is used to generate the set of all admissible rigged configurations for the simply-laced affine types $$A_n^{(1)}$$, $$D_n^{(1)}$$, $$E_6^{(1)}$$, $$E_7^{(1)}$$, and $$E_8^{(1)}$$.

There is a modified version for non-simply-laced affine types at VirtualKleberTree.

The nodes correspond to the weights in the positive Weyl chamber obtained by subtracting a (non-zero) positive root. The edges are labeled by the coefficients of the roots, and $$X$$ is a child of $$Y$$ if $$Y$$ is the root else if the edge label of $$Y$$ to its parent $$Z$$ is greater (in every component) than the label from $$X$$ to $$Y$$.

For a Kleber tree, one needs to specify an affine (simply-laced) Cartan type and a sequence of pairs $$(r,s)$$, where $$s$$ is any positive integer and $$r$$ is a node in the Dynkin diagram. Each $$(r,s)$$ can be viewed as a rectangle of width $$s$$ and height $$r$$.

INPUT:

• cartan_type – an affine simply-laced Cartan type
• B – a list of dimensions of rectangles by $$[r, c]$$ where $$r$$ is the number of rows and $$c$$ is the number of columns

REFERENCES:

 [Kleber1] (1, 2) Michael Kleber. Combinatorial structure of finite dimensional representations of Yangians: the simply-laced case. Internat. Math. Res. Notices. (1997) no. 4. 187-201.
 [Kleber2] Michael Kleber. Finite dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras. Ph.D. dissertation at University of California Berkeley. (1998). Arxiv math.QA/9809087.

EXAMPLES:

Simply-laced example:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[3,2], [1,1]])
sage: KT.list()
[Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 2] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0],
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1]]
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[3,2], [2,1], [1,1], [1,1]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
10
sage: KT = KleberTree(['D', 4, 1], [[2,2]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
3
sage: KT = KleberTree(['D', 4, 1], [[4,5]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
1


From [Kleber2]:

sage: KT = KleberTree(['E', 6, 1], [[4, 2]])  # long time (9s on sage.math, 2012)
sage: KT.cardinality()  # long time
12

Element

alias of KleberTreeNode

Iterate over all nodes in the tree following a breadth-first traversal.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[2, 2], [2, 3]])
sage: for x in KT.breadth_first_iter(): x
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 5, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 3, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 3, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [2, 1, 2] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 1, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]

cartan_type()

Return the Cartan type of this Kleber tree.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[1,1]])
sage: KT.cartan_type()
['A', 3, 1]

depth_first_iter()

Iterate (recursively) over the nodes in the tree following a depth-first traversal.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 3, 1], [[2, 2], [2, 3]])
sage: for x in KT.depth_first_iter(): x
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 5, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 3, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [2, 1, 2] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 3, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 1, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]

digraph()

Return a DiGraph representation of this Kleber tree.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['D', 4, 1], [[2, 2]])
sage: KT.digraph() # optional - dot2tex, graphviz
Digraph on 3 vertices

latex_options(**options)

Return the current latex options if no arguments are passed, otherwise set the corresponding latex option.

OPTIONS:

• hspace – (default: $$2.5$$) the horizontal spacing of the tree nodes
• vspace – (default: x) the vertical spacing of the tree nodes, here x is the minimum of $$-2.5$$ or $$-.75n$$ where $$n$$ is the rank of the classical type
• edge_labels – (default: True) display edge labels
• use_vector_notation – (default: False) display edge labels using vector notation instead of a linear combination

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['D', 3, 1], [[2,1], [2,1]])
sage: KT.latex_options(vspace=-4, use_vector_notation=True)
sage: sorted(KT.latex_options().items())
[('edge_labels', True), ('hspace', 2.5), ('use_vector_notation', True), ('vspace', -4)]

plot(**options)

Return the plot of self as a directed graph.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['D', 4, 1], [[2, 2]])
sage: print(KT.plot()) # optional - dot2tex, graphviz
Graphics object consisting of 8 graphics primitives

class sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree.KleberTreeNode(parent_obj, node_weight, dominant_root, parent_node=None)

A node in the Kleber tree.

This class is meant to be used internally by the Kleber tree class and should not be created directly by the user.

For more on the Kleber tree and the nodes, see KleberTree.

The dominating root is the up_root which is the difference between the parent node’s weight and this node’s weight.

INPUT:

• parent_obj – The parent object of this element
• node_weight – The weight of this node
• dominant_root – The dominating root
• parent_node – (default:None) The parent node of this node
depth()

Return the depth of this node in the tree.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: RS = RootSystem(['A', 2])
sage: WS = RS.weight_space()
sage: R = RS.root_space()
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A', 2, 1], [[1,1]])
sage: n = KT(WS.sum_of_terms([(1,5), (2,2)]), R.zero())
sage: n.depth
0
sage: n2 = KT(WS.sum_of_terms([(1,5), (2,2)]), R.zero(), n)
sage: n2.depth
1

multiplicity()

Return the multiplicity of self.

The multiplicity of a node $$x$$ of depth $$d$$ weight $$\lambda$$ in a simply-laced Kleber tree is equal to:

$\begin{split}\prod_{a \in \overline{I}} \prod_{i > 0} \binom{p_i^{(a)} + m_i^{(a)}}{p_i^{(a)}}\end{split}$

Recall that

$m_i^{(a)} = \left( \lambda^{(i-1)} - 2 \lambda^{(i)} + \lambda^{(i+1)} \mid \overline{\Lambda}_a \right)$$\begin{split}p_i^{(a)} = -\sum_{j > i} L_j^{(a)} + \left( \alpha_a \mid \lambda^{(i)} \right)\end{split}$

where $$\lambda^{(i)}$$ is the weight node at depth $$i$$ in the path to $$x$$ from the root and we set $$\lambda^{(j)} = \lambda$$ for all $$j \geq d$$.

Note that $$m_i^{(a)} = 0$$ for all $$i > d$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import KleberTree
sage: KT = KleberTree(['A',3,1], [[3,2],[2,1],[1,1],[1,1]])
sage: for x in KT: x, x.multiplicity()
(Kleber tree node with weight [2, 1, 2] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0], 1)
(Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 2] and upwards edge root [1, 0, 0], 1)
(Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 3] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 0], 2)
(Kleber tree node with weight [1, 1, 1] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1], 4)
(Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 2] and upwards edge root [2, 2, 1], 2)
(Kleber tree node with weight [3, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 1], 1)
(Kleber tree node with weight [2, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 1], 2)
(Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 2] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 0], 1)
(Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1], 2)
(Kleber tree node with weight [0, 1, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 1], 1)

class sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree.KleberTreeTypeA2Even(cartan_type, B)

Kleber tree for types $$A_{2n}^{(2)}$$ and $$A_{2n}^{(2)\dagger}$$.

Note that here for $$A_{2n}^{(2)}$$ we use $$\tilde{\gamma}_a$$ in place of $$\gamma_a$$ in constructing the virtual Kleber tree, and so we end up selecting all nodes since $$\tilde{\gamma}_a = 1$$ for all $$a \in \overline{I}$$. For type $$A_{2n}^{(2)\dagger}$$, we have $$\gamma_a = 1$$ for all $$a \in \overline{I}$$.

Iterate over all nodes in the tree following a breadth-first traversal.

INPUT:

• all_nodes – (default: False) if True, output all nodes in the tree

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import VirtualKleberTree
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['A', 4, 2], [[2,1]])
sage: for x in KT.breadth_first_iter(): x
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]
sage: for x in KT.breadth_first_iter(True): x
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]

depth_first_iter(all_nodes=False)

Iterate (recursively) over the nodes in the tree following a depth-first traversal.

INPUT:

• all_nodes – (default: False) if True, output all nodes in the tree

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import VirtualKleberTree
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['A', 4, 2], [[2,1]])
sage: for x in KT.depth_first_iter(): x
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]
sage: for x in KT.depth_first_iter(True): x
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 0] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 0, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 2, 1]

class sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree.VirtualKleberTree(cartan_type, B)

A virtual Kleber tree.

We can use a modified version of the Kleber algorithm called the virtual Kleber algorithm [OSS03] to compute all admissible rigged configurations for non-simply-laced types. This uses the following embeddings into the simply-laced types:

$C_n^{(1)}, A_{2n}^{(2)}, A_{2n}^{(2)\dagger}, D_{n+1}^{(2)} \hookrightarrow A_{2n-1}^{(1)}$$A_{2n-1}^{(2)}, B_n^{(1)} \hookrightarrow D_{n+1}^{(1)}$$E_6^{(2)}, F_4^{(1)} \hookrightarrow E_6^{(1)}$$D_4^{(3)}, G_2^{(1)} \hookrightarrow D_4^{(1)}$

One then selects the subset of admissible nodes which are translates of the virtual requirements. In the graph, the selected nodes are indicated by brackets $$[]$$.

Note

Because these are virtual nodes, all information is given in the corresponding simply-laced type.

For more on the Kleber algorithm, see KleberTree.

REFERENCES:

 [OSS03] Masato Okado, Anne Schilling, and Mark Shimozono. Virtual crystals and Klebers algorithm. Commun. Math. Phys. 238 (2003). 187-209. Arxiv math.QA/0209082.

INPUT:

• cartan_type – an affine non-simply-laced Cartan type
• B – a list of dimensions of rectangles by $$[r, c]$$ where $$r$$ is the number of rows and $$c$$ is the number of columns

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import VirtualKleberTree
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['C', 4, 1], [[2,2]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
3
sage: KT.base_tree().cardinality()
6
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['C', 4, 1], [[4,5]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
1
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['D', 5, 2], [[2,1], [1,1]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
8
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(CartanType(['A', 4, 2]).dual(), [[1,1], [2,2]])
sage: KT.cardinality()
15

base_tree()

Return the underlying virtual Kleber tree associated to self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import VirtualKleberTree
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['C', 4, 1], [[2,2]])
sage: KT.base_tree()
Kleber tree of Cartan type ['A', 7, 1] and B = ((2, 2), (6, 2))


Iterate over all nodes in the tree following a breadth-first traversal.

INPUT:

• all_nodes – (default: False) if True, output all nodes in the tree

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import VirtualKleberTree
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['C', 2, 1], [[1,1], [2,1]])
sage: for x in KT.breadth_first_iter(): x
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 2, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
sage: for x in KT.breadth_first_iter(True): x
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 2, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]

depth_first_iter(all_nodes=False)

Iterate (recursively) over the nodes in the tree following a depth-first traversal.

INPUT:

• all_nodes – (default: False) if True, output all nodes in the tree

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.combinat.rigged_configurations.kleber_tree import VirtualKleberTree
sage: KT = VirtualKleberTree(['C', 2, 1], [[1,1], [2,1]])
sage: for x in KT.depth_first_iter(): x
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 2, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]
sage: for x in KT.depth_first_iter(True): x
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 2, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 0, 0]
Kleber tree node with weight [0, 2, 0] and upwards edge root [1, 1, 1]
Kleber tree node with weight [1, 0, 1] and upwards edge root [0, 1, 0]


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