# Laurent Series¶

Laurent Series

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(GF(7), 't'); R
Laurent Series Ring in t over Finite Field of size 7
sage: f = 1/(1-t+O(t^10)); f
1 + t + t^2 + t^3 + t^4 + t^5 + t^6 + t^7 + t^8 + t^9 + O(t^10)


Laurent series are immutable:

sage: f[2]
1
sage: f[2] = 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: Laurent series are immutable


We compute with a Laurent series over the complex mpfr numbers.

sage: K.<q> = Frac(CC[['q']])
sage: K
Laurent Series Ring in q over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision
sage: q
1.00000000000000*q


sage: loads(q.dumps()) == q
True
True


IMPLEMENTATION: Laurent series in Sage are represented internally as a power of the variable times the unit part (which need not be a unit - it’s a polynomial with nonzero constant term). The zero Laurent series has unit part 0.

AUTHORS:

• William Stein: original version
• David Joyner (2006-01-22): added examples
• Robert Bradshaw (2007-04): optimizations, shifting
class sage.rings.laurent_series_ring_element.LaurentSeries

A Laurent Series.

We consider a Laurent series of the form $$t^n \cdot f$$ where $$f$$ is a power series.

INPUT:

• parent – a Laurent series ring
• f – a power series (or something can be coerced to one); note that f does not have to be a unit
• n – (default: 0) integer

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: f = t^2 + t^3 + O(t^10); f
t^2 + t^3 + O(t^10)
t^2 + t^3 + O(t^5)

change_ring(R)
coefficients()

Return the nonzero coefficients of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: f = -5/t^(2) + t + t^2 - 10/3*t^3
sage: f.coefficients()
[-5, 1, 1, -10/3]

common_prec(f)

Returns minimum precision of $$f$$ and self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)

sage: f = t^(-1) + t + t^2 + O(t^3)
sage: g = t + t^3 + t^4 + O(t^4)
sage: f.common_prec(g)
3
sage: g.common_prec(f)
3

sage: f = t + t^2 + O(t^3)
sage: g = t^(-3) + t^2
sage: f.common_prec(g)
3
sage: g.common_prec(f)
3

sage: f = t + t^2
sage: f = t^2
sage: f.common_prec(g)
+Infinity

sage: f = t^(-3) + O(t^(-2))
sage: g = t^(-5) + O(t^(-1))
sage: f.common_prec(g)
-2

degree()

Return the degree of a polynomial equivalent to this power series modulo big oh of the precision.

EXAMPLES:

sage: x = Frac(QQ[['x']]).0
sage: g = x^2 - x^4 + O(x^8)
sage: g.degree()
4
sage: g = -10/x^5 + x^2 - x^4 + O(x^8)
sage: g.degree()
4

derivative(*args)

The formal derivative of this Laurent series, with respect to variables supplied in args.

Multiple variables and iteration counts may be supplied; see documentation for the global derivative() function for more details.

_derivative()

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: g = 1/x^10 - x + x^2 - x^4 + O(x^8)
sage: g.derivative()
-10*x^-11 - 1 + 2*x - 4*x^3 + O(x^7)
sage: g.derivative(x)
-10*x^-11 - 1 + 2*x - 4*x^3 + O(x^7)

sage: R.<t> = PolynomialRing(ZZ)
sage: S.<x> = LaurentSeriesRing(R)
sage: f = 2*t/x + (3*t^2 + 6*t)*x + O(x^2)
sage: f.derivative()
-2*t*x^-2 + (3*t^2 + 6*t) + O(x)
sage: f.derivative(x)
-2*t*x^-2 + (3*t^2 + 6*t) + O(x)
sage: f.derivative(t)
2*x^-1 + (6*t + 6)*x + O(x^2)

exponents()

Return the exponents appearing in self with nonzero coefficients.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: f = -5/t^(2) + t + t^2 - 10/3*t^3
sage: f.exponents()
[-2, 1, 2, 3]

integral()

The formal integral of this Laurent series with 0 constant term.

EXAMPLES: The integral may or may not be defined if the base ring is not a field.

sage: t = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ, 't').0
sage: f = 2*t^-3 + 3*t^2 + O(t^4)
sage: f.integral()
-t^-2 + t^3 + O(t^5)

sage: f = t^3
sage: f.integral()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: Coefficients of integral cannot be coerced into the base ring


The integral of 1/t is $$\log(t)$$, which is not given by a Laurent series:

sage: t = Frac(QQ[['t']]).0
sage: f = -1/t^3 - 31/t + O(t^3)
sage: f.integral()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: The integral of is not a Laurent series, since t^-1 has nonzero coefficient.


Another example with just one negative coefficient:

sage: A.<t> = QQ[[]]
sage: f = -2*t^(-4) + O(t^8)
sage: f.integral()
2/3*t^-3 + O(t^9)
sage: f.integral().derivative() == f
True

is_monomial()

Return True if this element is a monomial. That is, if self is $$x^n$$ for some integer $$n$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: k.<z> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ, 'z')
sage: (30*z).is_monomial()
False
sage: k(1).is_monomial()
True
sage: (z+1).is_monomial()
False
sage: (z^-2909).is_monomial()
True
sage: (3*z^-2909).is_monomial()
False

is_unit()

Returns True if this is Laurent series is a unit in this ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: (2+t).is_unit()
True
sage: f = 2+t^2+O(t^10); f.is_unit()
True
sage: 1/f
1/2 - 1/4*t^2 + 1/8*t^4 - 1/16*t^6 + 1/32*t^8 + O(t^10)
sage: R(0).is_unit()
False
sage: R.<s> = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ)
sage: f = 2 + s^2 + O(s^10)
sage: f.is_unit()
False
sage: 1/f
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: division not defined


ALGORITHM: A Laurent series is a unit if and only if its “unit part” is a unit.

is_zero()

EXAMPLES:

sage: x = Frac(QQ[['x']]).0
sage: f = 1/x + x + x^2 + 3*x^4 + O(x^7)
sage: f.is_zero()
0
sage: z = 0*f
sage: z.is_zero()
1

laurent_polynomial()

Return the corresponding Laurent polynomial.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: f = t^-3 + t + 7*t^2 + O(t^5)
sage: g = f.laurent_polynomial(); g
t^-3 + t + 7*t^2
sage: g.parent()
Univariate Laurent Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field

list()

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: f = -5/t^(2) + t + t^2 - 10/3*t^3
sage: f.list()
[-5, 0, 0, 1, 1, -10/3]

power_series()

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ)
sage: f = 1/(1-t+O(t^10)); f.parent()
Laurent Series Ring in t over Integer Ring
sage: g = f.power_series(); g
1 + t + t^2 + t^3 + t^4 + t^5 + t^6 + t^7 + t^8 + t^9 + O(t^10)
sage: parent(g)
Power Series Ring in t over Integer Ring
sage: f = 3/t^2 +  t^2 + t^3 + O(t^10)
sage: f.power_series()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ArithmeticError: self is a not a power series

prec()

This function returns the n so that the Laurent series is of the form (stuff) + $$O(t^n)$$. It doesn’t matter how many negative powers appear in the expansion. In particular, prec could be negative.

EXAMPLES:

sage: x = Frac(QQ[['x']]).0
sage: f = x^2 + 3*x^4 + O(x^7)
sage: f.prec()
7
sage: g = 1/x^10 - x + x^2 - x^4 + O(x^8)
sage: g.prec()
8

precision_absolute()

Return the absolute precision of this series.

By definition, the absolute precision of $$...+O(x^r)$$ is $$r$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = ZZ[[]]
sage: (t^2 + O(t^3)).precision_absolute()
3
sage: (1 - t^2 + O(t^100)).precision_absolute()
100

precision_relative()

Return the relative precision of this series, that is the difference between its absolute precision and its valuation.

By convension, the relative precision of $$0$$ (or $$O(x^r)$$ for any $$r$$) is $$0$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = ZZ[[]]
sage: (t^2 + O(t^3)).precision_relative()
1
sage: (1 - t^2 + O(t^100)).precision_relative()
100
sage: O(t^4).precision_relative()
0

residue()

Return the residue of self.

Consider the Laurent series

$f = \sum_{n \in \ZZ} a_n t^n = \cdots + \frac{a_{-2}}{t^2} + \frac{a_{-1}}{t} + a_0 + a_1 t + a_2 t^2 + \cdots,$

then the residue of $$f$$ is $$a_{-1}$$. Alternatively this is the coefficient of $$1/t$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: t = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ,'t').gen()
sage: f = 1/t**2+2/t+3+4*t
sage: f.residue()
2
sage: f = t+t**2
sage: f.residue()
0
sage: f.residue().parent()
Integer Ring

shift(k)

Returns this Laurent series multiplied by the power $$t^n$$. Does not change this series.

Note

Despite the fact that higher order terms are printed to the right in a power series, right shifting decreases the powers of $$t$$, while left shifting increases them. This is to be consistent with polynomials, integers, etc.

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<t> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ['y'])
sage: f = (t+t^-1)^4; f
t^-4 + 4*t^-2 + 6 + 4*t^2 + t^4
sage: f.shift(10)
t^6 + 4*t^8 + 6*t^10 + 4*t^12 + t^14
sage: f >> 10
t^-14 + 4*t^-12 + 6*t^-10 + 4*t^-8 + t^-6
sage: t << 4
t^5
sage: t + O(t^3) >> 4
t^-3 + O(t^-1)


AUTHORS:

truncate(n)

Returns the laurent series of degree  < n which is equivalent to self modulo $$x^n$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: A.<x> = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ)
sage: f = 1/(1-x)
sage: f
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12 + x^13 + x^14 + x^15 + x^16 + x^17 + x^18 + x^19 + O(x^20)
sage: f.truncate(10)
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9

truncate_laurentseries(n)

Replaces any terms of degree >= n by big oh

EXAMPLES:

sage: A.<x> = LaurentSeriesRing(ZZ)
sage: f = 1/(1-x)
sage: f
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + x^10 + x^11 + x^12 + x^13 + x^14 + x^15 + x^16 + x^17 + x^18 + x^19 + O(x^20)
sage: f.truncate_laurentseries(10)
1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + x^8 + x^9 + O(x^10)

truncate_neg(n)

Returns the laurent series equivalent to self except without any degree n terms.

This is equivalent to self - self.truncate(n).

valuation()

EXAMPLES:

sage: R.<x> = LaurentSeriesRing(QQ)
sage: f = 1/x + x^2 + 3*x^4 + O(x^7)
sage: g = 1 - x + x^2 - x^4 + O(x^8)
sage: f.valuation()
-1
sage: g.valuation()
0


Note that the valuation of an element undistinguishable from zero is infinite:

sage: h = f - f; h
O(x^7)
sage: h.valuation()
+Infinity


TESTS:

The valuation of the zero element is +Infinity (see trac ticket #15088):

sage: zero = R(0)
sage: zero.valuation()
+Infinity

valuation_zero_part()

EXAMPLES:

sage: x = Frac(QQ[['x']]).0
sage: f = x + x^2 + 3*x^4 + O(x^7)
sage: f/x
1 + x + 3*x^3 + O(x^6)
sage: f.valuation_zero_part()
1 + x + 3*x^3 + O(x^6)
sage: g = 1/x^7 - x + x^2 - x^4 + O(x^8)
sage: g.valuation_zero_part()
1 - x^8 + x^9 - x^11 + O(x^15)

variable()

EXAMPLES:

sage: x = Frac(QQ[['x']]).0
sage: f = 1/x + x^2 + 3*x^4 + O(x^7)
sage: f.variable()
'x'

sage.rings.laurent_series_ring_element.is_LaurentSeries(x)
sage.rings.laurent_series_ring_element.make_element_from_parent(parent, *args)

#### Previous topic

Laurent Series Rings